Sibling Rivalry Essays (330 words) - War Gods, Ares, Athena, Zeus

Sibling Rivalry Sibling Rivalry Sibling rivalry is as natural as the human tendency to solve problems through war and bloodshed. Throughout time siblings have competed against each other in every matter imaginable. These competitions sometimes result in happy, memorable times and sometime cause life altering consequences. The causes of the rivalry seem to be about differences in personality, people and experiences outside the family, or the need to be distinguished. It is particularly intense when siblings are very close in age or desire the same thing. No sibling rivalry among mortals or immortals was more well-known, more violent, and lengthy than the rivalry between Ares and Athena. Ares was the god of war and his half-sister Athena was the goddess of war. They share Zeus, the king of the gods, as their father. Ares mother is the queen of the gods, Hera, while Athenas mother was the titan Metis. Both of them held powers in the different aspects of war. Ares was the god of war who in detail was more interested in the bloodshed, fear, and savagery of warfare. He is portrayed as a ruthless god with power which he uses to strike fear into the hearts of his enemies and he uses a barbaric fighting style. His lack of cleverness, wisdom, and over dependence on raw power made him easily outwitted. However Athena was a skilled fighter who enjoyed the intellectual side of war. She, unlike Ares, had principles such as justice, wisdom, and courage. She was interested in planning, tactics, and deliberate moves forward to execute a strategic war. She was worshipped in many cities of the Greeks who, due to her wise skills and love of peace, favored her more than the barbaric A res. The great city state of Athens was named after Athena and the Parthenon was built in her honor. Ares however was worshipped by the militaristic city-state of Sparta and by the women warriors called the Amazons. Because of their different approaches to...

Division Essay

Cell Communication/Death/Division Essay Cell Communication/Death/Division Essay CELL COMMUNICATION - animal cells = gap junctions to send signals (must be in direct contact) - plant cells = plasmodesmata - local signaling - signaling over a short distance - cell to cell recognition - local regulators - long-distance signaling - nervous/endocrine system in animals - plants use hormones, transported through vascular system - three stages of cell signaling - signaling molecule binds to the receptor protein - signal is converted into a form that can produce a cellular response - the transduced signal triggers a cellular response - G-protein receptors make up 60% of our cells - quorum sensing - capacity of bacteria to exhibited coordinated behavior in response to a particular population density CELL DEATH - apoptosis - controlled cell suicide - components are chopped up and packaged into vesicles = digested by scavenger cells - "blebbing" vs. apoptosis - triggered by death-signaling, DNA damage, protein misfolding - caspases - main proteases that carry out apoptosis - proteases - protein - digesting enzyme - necrosis - death by cell injury - cell bursts, â€Å"stuff† flies out - enzymes are unleashed into the ECF - results in inflammation, redness, pain, etc. - DNA is organized in chromosomes. -DNA is wrapped around histone proteins = chromatin (long thin fiber) -condenses further during mitosis = chromatin = chromosomes - mitotic chromosome = 2 sister chromatids -chromatids narrow at the centromere (not necessarily in the center) -homologous = same information - mitosis - divides the cell’s DNA between 2 daughter nuclei -4 phases = prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase - semi-conservative replication - conserve half of original piece = build two new ones - original piece is called the template strand INTERPHASE - G1 - 1st Gap - cell growth - S - DNA synthesis - chromosomes are copied -each daughter cell gets identical copy -error rate is about 1/100 million bases - G2 - 2nd Gap - further cell growth. organelles, proteins, membranes are created. Nucleus is well-defined, and DNA is loosely packed in long chromatin fibers (aka squiggly in the middle). PROPHASE - chromatin condenses = visible chromosomes - centrioles move to opposite poles of cell - spindle fibers go across cell to form mitotic spindle - microtubules - nucleolus disappears/nuclear envelopes burst TRANSITION TO METAPHASE/PROMETAPHASE - spindle fibers attach to centromeres - thus creating kinetochores - microtubules attach at kinetochores - connects centromeres to centrioles - chromosome begins to move METAPHASE - chromosomes align along the middle of the cell (metaphase plate) - spindle fibers coordinate movement - ensures that the chromosomes separate properly (1 copy per new nucleus) ANAPHASE - sister chromatids are separated at the kinetochores - move to opposite poles (pulled by centromeres) - microtubules lengthen as poles move further apart TELOPHASE - chromosomes arrive at opposite poles - nuclei form and chromosomes disperse - cytokinesis begins CYTOKINESIS - animal cells - constriction of actin microfilaments around equator of cell = cleavage furrow - splits cell in two - plant cells - cell plate forms - vesicles fuse = forms 2 cell membranes - new cell wall laid between membranes - new cell wall fuses with existing cell wall EVOLUTION OF MITOSIS - mitosis in eukaryotes likely evolved from binary fission in bacteria characteristics of binary fission: - single circular chromosome - no membrane bound organelles - no mitotic spindle REGULATION OF CELL DIVISION - multicellular organisms - must coordinate cell division across tissues/organs -timing,